Inundation Distribution Of The Study Area - 1542 Words

3. Methods Since the study area is surrounded by two major rivers the vast plains and fans are suspected to contain some level water logging. For this study the inundation distribution of the study area is taken from PNG Resource Information System (PNGRIS, 2008). The data is in polygon shape file format and coded with classes of inundation types from ‘tidal flooding, permanent flooding to the least as ‘no flooding’. For this study ‘no flooding’ level is excluded. According to PNG forestry logging practices, swamp forest are not to be logged. Swampy forests must be avoided as much as possible during logging operations. However, for this study it used to for the post-classification process purposely for refining classified swamp forest†¦show more content†¦The target class was forest class. In level 2 eight (8) classes were used (Table 1) based on the PNG forest base map of 2012 and forest inventory mapping system (FIMS) classification (McAlpine and Quigl ey, 1998). Level 2 is the lowest classification level achieved through the post-classification process. Additional classes are applied to describe the selectively harvested areas which are identified when conducting the supervised classification of the preceding years (2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015). Above-ground biomass sites will be treated as secondary training sets to transformed LULC maps to AGB maps for carbon change assessment as one option. The other option is to be used after the LULC goes through change detection process (spatially). Supervised classification method was applied to Vailala Block 3 Landsat AGP images from 1995 to 2015. This method allows the user to identify training areas that are used to teach the image on what pixel range to be classified according to user LULC descriptions (Samanta et al., 2011). For this study the parametric method know as maximum likelihood under the decision rule statistical approach was used to run all the supervised classification from 1995 and 2015. Table 1. Land use and land cover types with codes Post-classification or reassessment of a classed image is performed to refine the classified image. YearShow MoreRelatedThe Sea Level Of Bangladesh1548 Words   |  7 Pagesimmensely negative (Cazenave and Nicholls 2010).For example, based on national studies, a 1 m rise could cause losses of about 9.5 million tons of rice in Bangladesh (Mimura and Nicholls 2008). Rice is the staple crop of half of world’s population and it is the most major staple sustenance for Bangladesh. Sea level Rise will result in a food crisis in some regions of Bangladesh especially southern sub-regions as these areas are most vulnerable to flooding due to sea level rise; hence, rice productionRead MoreTsunamis: How Oregon Can Better Prepare for Cascadia Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pages Tsunami hazard assessment in Oregon started with an inundation simulation in the Siletz Bay. Various parameters were tested with different inundation estimates and run-up from past tsunami deposits (Priest, 2001, 55 ). Inundation maps were then created furthermore in the Oregon Building Code, Oregon limited construction of new important or hazardous buildings in tsunami inundation zones indicated by the inundation maps. Zones that these maps are based on use the Cascadia event in 1700 as a â€Å"mostRead MoreGlobal Warming : Climate Change1592 Words   |  7 Pageset al., studies indicate that global temperature increased 0.70 to 0.75ââ€" ¦C during 1910 to 2009 [6]. Though forecasts vary widely, IPCC third assessment report (IPCC TAR) demonstrates that the best estimate for average temperature changes of the earth is 0.6 to 4 ââ€" ¦ C at the end of 21 century [3]. Global warming has wide-ranging effects on many aspects of human life and brought severe environmental problems, for instance, sea level rising and coastal flooding, changing rainfall distribution, alterationRead MoreEssay about GIS Analysis in Flood Assessment and Modeling2648 Words   |  11 Pageskey factor to prevent the loss of lives (Graham, 1999). Therefore, adequate prediction capability is essential to mitigate flooding damages and establish flood-warning systems. Floods have a complex spatial and temporal dynamic that motivates their study. The spatial dimension of floods ranges from the local to the regional scale, while the temporal dimension varies from slow floods (days) to flash floods (minutes). The spatial extent, variability and magnitude of floods has been addressed using GeographicRead MoreGlobal Warming Has A Effect On The Size Of The Vector Population912 Words   |  4 Pagesresulted in high rates of illness and death.12 Studies have shown that global warming has changed the distribution, intensity of transmission and seasonality of malaria in sub-Saharan Africa.10 Correlation between inter-annual variability in temperature and malaria transmission has been observed in Africa.10 In Kenya and Ethiopia, rainfall and high maximum temperature greater than 34 °C has been associated with increasing incidence of malaria.10 However, studies show no association between global warmingRead MoreEssay on The Effect of Climate Change on Mari time Zones2018 Words   |  9 PagesDeveloped countries remain most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. For countries like the Marshall Island, with atoll islands situated just a few meters high from sea level, any uncontrolled sea-level rise has the potential to submerge land areas. Furthermore, climate change impacts could include increased tropical cyclone activities and coastal erosion. Coral bleaching and ocean acidification due to warming also have the potential to affect tourism, fisheries and agriculture, and the abilityRead MoreDevelopment Of Off Shore Wave Generator Systems And Integrating Into Disaster Management Systems Essay2057 Words   |  9 Pageswhich can give a few hours to days warning to help mitigate the severity of natural disasters on human life. . Some of the calamities of note have been the Tsunami of 2004, Bangladesh and Orissa floods, earthquakes in Nepal and Pakistan, and recent inundation of Chennai due to weather and bad flood management. A SAARC comprehensive Framework on disaster management was formulated in alignment with the Hyogo Framework (2005-2015). In addition to the broad objectives of disaster management and cooperationRead MoreMorphology of Rural Settlements in Malda4547 Words   |  19 PagesKey Words: Village, Morphological structure, Geographical landscapes, landuse, The Malda district. Introduction: Settlement morphology is primarily concerned with the lay-out, plan and internal structure of the settlements. It not only views settled area in terms of physical space but identifies its various components in respect of socio-economic space which has its direct bearing in controlling the arrangement of buildings, patterns of streets and fields and functional characteristics of settlementsRead MoreStreams Tech Inc Case Study2102 Words   |  9 PagesClient: Strategy and Planning Unit, State House, the Republic of Sierra Leone Type: Flood Management Streams Tech conducted a detailed study to develop the Stormwater Drainage Master Plan for Freetown, Sierra Leone. The lack of flood management measures and adequate conveyance capacity of the existing drainage system regularly caused flooding in the heavily urbanized areas. Streams Tech personnel installed hydro-meteorological equipment to collect data; processed an extensive array of satellite-basedRead MoreEssay on Use of Geographic Data in Natural Disasters2437 Words   |  10 Pagesothers to provide a quick response to the disaster areas (Herold et al., 2005). Kunkel et al. (1999) suggest that there is strong scientific evidence of an increase in extreme precipitation events in particular regions, whilst water shortages are becoming more apparent in other regions, which indicates that weather driven natural disasters will surely become more frequent, resulting in the use of Geographic Data in mapping and monitoring disaster areas could not be more important or significant.

The Bright Side Of Social Networking - 1606 Words

Hamad Yousef Professor: Joanne Martin English 113B 12 Feb 2015 The bright side of social Networking Social Networks are actually becoming such services and platforms in the modern era, which help one to connect people across the world. They have actually changed the social lives and making them connected to those who have similar interests like their own selves and come from the same background. The way these social networks work is that they one who wants to be part of them would just have to make up their profile and then get connected through one single platform by different means through setting up social groups and linking up with friends and family spread across the globe. It has actually made the way we socialize today totally different, modifying lives and connecting in a manner, which is not direct face to face instead through a platform where everyone could link in. The most known of the social networks which have gained utmost popularity over the years is Facebook. Facebook is the amongst the second largest social networking site and almost half a billion users across t he globe hook up to it every single day. Although social networking can cause lack of self-confidence in real life, it has changed our social lives and the way we connect online influencing our relationship, personal identity and community in positive way. Today social networking sites have become more of a social trend on which one cannot only link up socially, make friends and shareShow MoreRelatedCis 207 Week 2/3 Web Mobile Paper811 Words   |  4 Pagesbusinesses and individuals have been using lately that has become quite popular because of all of its features and â€Å"social media-like† qualities: LinkedIn. The web-based application LinkedIn, founded and developed in 2002 by Reid Hoffman (formerly a board member of the company PayPal), is essentially a social networking tool for businesses and individual use that promotes professional networking. Once a user creates a profile, sort of like they would on Facebook, filing out any information they wouldRead MorePersonal Branding1628 Words   |  7 Pagesinterconnections that grow into a wonderful web community. The Internet has revolutionized career development for personal empowerment, self-management and networking. It allows us to discover, create, communicate and maintain out personal brand for our future. The Web gives us the opportunity to promote â€Å"our brand† for ourselves by joining a social network and using our page as a billboard to advertise our talents and goals. Developing a personal brand makes us a more valuable asset, whether to theRead MoreEssay on The Negative Effects of Too Much Social Media1376 Words   |   6 PagesOver the past few years social media has grown to be a phenomenon in our culture. â€Å"Facebook operates the world’s No. 1 Internet social media network with 1.2 billion users,† and this is just one venue for social media (Oreskovic, 2014). As more people from all age demographics begin to log in to this growing phenomenon, it’s important to step back and take a look at the side of social media that is not so enjoyable. We’ve all heard the quote. â€Å"You can’t have too much of a good thing†, but how trueRead MoreSocial Medi An Advancement Of Civilization960 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Media: An Advancement of Civilization Probably one of the more prevalent arguments in the past five to ten years is that of the effects of social media. Is it something we should avoid? Does it affect our personal lives? Is it a detrimental or advantageous tool for society? There’s a wide variety of opinions on the matter, and while many arguments have been made defending (and attacking) both sides of the controversy, research and experiences show that social media is an invaluable assetRead MoreWhat Is Social Media? Social Media Is An Online Tool That1688 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is social media? Social media is an online tool that is widely used throughout the world. Social media can be used as a source of communication in many ways. Social media can be used in business, for texting purposes and spreading news to others. In America, social media can be a useful tool as a source for communication, but using it long term can cause health problems that may not be preventable. Using social media can cause many me ntal and physical health problems by showing lack of selfRead MoreThe Impact of Social Media on Language1239 Words   |  5 Pagesam a teenager who does occasionally use social media and utilize things like acronyms and emoticons. The next reason why I would like to write this is because, I personally have had people look down on me because of this and I have a personal interest in this subject as well. The reason why I have chosen this is because it is easy to say that social media has had a negative effect on language; therefore, I would like to create an essay that provides both sides of the argument as well as the evidenceRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Social Media1509 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing millennials, social media is as natural to the people of today as breathing or drinking water. Social media is a â€Å"series of websites and applications that have been designed to allow people to share content and communicate with each other quickly and efficiently† (â€Å" What is Social Media, 2017). A few people have a more confined perspective of social media likening it to mean the same as interacting on sites like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and others. The power of social media is such thatRead MoreWas Ernest Shackelton a Good Leader?1251 Words   |  6 PagesHilary Murray Scott C. Hammond Management 3800 8 June 2016 Was Ernest Shackleton a Good Leader? The story of Ernest Shackleton is one that defies all odds. The fated quest of the Endurance and its crew is a lesson of perseverance, intuition, social skill, and adaptability. Shackleton’s integrity was challenged before the Endurance even left port in England with the start of World War I. The captain was willing to sacrifice men and ship for the war effort after months of preparation and planningRead MoreImpact of Social Networking Sites on the Youth of India2845 Words   |  12 PagesIMPACT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES(SNS) ON THE YOUTH OF INDIA : A BIRD’S EYE VIEW. Ruchi Sachdev College of Management Studies Kanpur (UP) India Abstract-This paper is focused to find out the answer whether the social networking sites are boon or bane for today’s society.No doubt these SNS provides employment ,marketing ,personal growth ,sharing of information but the most prevalent danger through often involves online predators or individuals. These SNS has great impact on youth of IndiaRead MoreWhat Kind Of Information System Does The School Have?1730 Words   |  7 Pagesanother in a network, in a given time period (usually a second). II. Discuss and evaluate what communication devices that you would recommend to be used for the project. Answer: Communication devices used or highly recommended are; 1. Routers 2. Networking topology And to connect this local network with the other networks to access through internet the network servers are required. III. Discuss and evaluate the different computer networks available and recommend and appropriate one for the project

Historical Problems Free Essays

Woodrow Wilson has been described as â€Å"cold, aloof and often arrogant, but he was not all intellect. † By the time Wilson was elected governor of New Jersey he had never held a political office, and had never taken more than a theorist’s interest in politics. Wilson’s personal view on how the Presidential office should be run is to lead a country rather than to be lead. We will write a custom essay sample on Historical Problems or any similar topic only for you Order Now He believed that a president should act like a prime minister and not be isolated from Congress. Wilson himself dreamed of a utopian society and amongst his intellectual supporters believed that this â€Å"most terrible and disastrous wars† could be countenanced only by perceiving of it as the harbinger of eternal peace. The utopian spirit of the war took concrete form in Wilson’s proposal of a postwar federation of nations, in itself not a utopian scheme but one which, from the first, was freighted with utopian aspirations. Though Wilson may have been an effective war president by delegating responsibilities to those qualified his aspirations for a perfect world and his sentiments of â€Å"peace without victory† obscured his reality. President Wilson presented his ideas for peace in his famous Fourteen Points address on January 8, 1918. Wilson’s chief goal was to have the treaty provide for the formation of a League of Nations. He hoped that the threat of economic or military punishment from League members, including Germany, would prevent future wars. Though Wilson held a prominent role in drafting the Treaty of Versailles, and would later receive the Nobel Peace Prize for, the other major Allies, however, had little interest in honoring either Wilson’s Fourteen Points or all his goals for the League of Nations. The allies had suffered far greater losses and wanted to punish Germany severely. Strong opposition to the treaty developed in the United States. Many Americans disagreed with Wilson’s generous approach to worn-torn Europe. Republicans objected to U. S. commitments to the League of Nations. The U. S. Senate refused to approve the treaty. Also blocking the passage of the League of Nations was the personal and political conflicts between Wilson and Henry Cabot Lodge. Lodge, who was then the Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, insisted the specific and limiting changes be ade to protect U. S. interests. Wilson would not compromise. Unable and perhaps unwilling to reach an agreement with Wilson, Lodge used his power and position to ensure the defeat of the treaty—and prevent American participation in the League of Nations. As to whether or not the postwar would have been different if the United States had accepted and entered the League of Nations, it is unl ikely. America’s refusal to join the League, fitted in with her desire to have an isolationist policy throughout the world. Therefore, the League had a final ideal – to end war for good. However, if an aggressor nation was determined enough to ignore the League’s verbal warnings, all the League could do was enforce economic sanctions and hope these worked as it had no chance of enforcing its decisions using military might. Postwar 1920 brought many radical changes to Americans by the advancement in technology, discoveries, and inventions. Pop culture during the 1920’s was characterized by the flapper, automobiles, nightclubs, movies, and jazz. Life moved fast as a new sense of prosperity and freedom emerged at the end of World War 1. The 1920’s gave American’s radio, films, advertisements, and new literature to ponder. 1915 gave us a movie milestone in The Birth of a Nation, produced by D. W. Griffith. American’s were also given notable authors as F. Scott Fitzgerald, Booth Tarkington, Ernest Hemingway, and Sinclair Lewis. Authors of this period struggled to understand the changes occurring in society. While some writers praised the changes others expressed disappointment in the passing of old ways. But not before the printing press had American’s been brought together by shrinking the distances between people and homes. â€Å"Of all the new products put on the market during the decade, none met with more spectacular success than the radio. † The radio brought into American homes commercials, stories, news, music, sports, and advertisement. Improvements in radio broadcasting and radio manufacturing itself quickly became a big business. Along with the increasing availability of free-home entertainment it created a soaring demand for radios. The 1920’s were wrought with many issues of cultural conflict, prejudices, nativism, and moral policing. Widespread abuse of alcohol had been recognized as a serious social problem since the colonial days, in rural America as well as in cities, and â€Å"demon rum† had been long condemned from many Protestant pulpits during the 1920’s. Prohibition was the government’s solution to protect women, children, and families from the effects of abuse of alcohol, in other words, moral policing. Another example of moral policing today can be found in the controversial topic of legalizing marijuana. â€Å"Conversely, their omission in the present debate reflects the unfortunate reality that marijuana prohibition is perpetuated not by science, but rather by emotion and rhetoric. † The topic of nativism can be shown in three primary issues: immigration restriction, the KKK, and the cases of Sacco and Vanzetti. The old culture was generally anti-immigrant and tended to blame many of the problems of urban industrial American on immigrants. During the 1920’s the old culture, which was extremely nativist in attitude, was able to pass several immigration restriction laws which both lowered the number of immigrants to the U. S. and limited the numbers immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, which the old culture was particularly against. They did this through the quota system, set up in the Emergency Immigration Act of 1921 (and the revised with the 1924 National Origins Act) which established a certain number of immigrants from each country to be allowed into the U. S. per year. Each country’s quota was based on a percentage (3%) of people of that nation in the U. S. in the base year of (1910). The â€Å"rebirth† of the KKK was another sign of the nativism of the 1920’s as this â€Å"new† KKK was not only black, but also anti-Jewish, anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant. So have American’s learned their lesson from the 1920’s and have they changed their attitudes concerning nativism, moral policing, and are we still considered a prejudice country? In the year 2011, do American’s still consider them as being progressive and that they refuse to repeat history? Nativisim and prejudices can still be felt and seen throughout the United States. Our country is still debating nativism in the current situation with illegal immigrants. Newspapers, television shows, the radio, and internet are covered in stories of immigration policies. Our country is still swarmed with prejudices between races, religions, and lifestyles. It is our history to repeat and forget our past mistakes. As stated before, the 1920’s brought many radical changes to America with the advancement in technology, discoveries, and inventions. Pop culture in the 1920’s was characterized by the flapper, automobiles, nightclubs, movies, and music. Life moved fast as a new sense of prosperity and freedom emerged at the end of World War I. In many ways our current era is like that of the 1920’s. Our society is now connected to each other via the internet, and Facebook. On the spot news is even better now with television and radio and better yet the cell phone. Society is overrun with the most current, up-to-date news, even if no one cares what reading or hearing about. We are still a drug crazed and alcohol abusing society with fast cars, outrageous clothes and hairstyles. It just may be that we are going at a faster pace than those in the 1920’s. What can be seen differently is that maybe our morals have diminished in some aspects of society. Not that all society can be defined as a whole, as there are still those in our current society and those of the 1920’s that still and did value self respect, morals, God, and country. Works Cited 1920-1930. 1920’s Literature. 2005. http://www.1920-1930.com/literature. (accessed March 6, 2011. Content, new. Woodrow Wilson. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/wilson/peopleevents/p_lodge.html. (accessed March 6, 2011). Durant, John; Durant Alice. Pictorial History of American Presidents: An informal record of the President’s and their times from George Washington to Lyndon B. Johnson. New York: A.S. Barnes and Company Inc. 1965: 77-78 Learning History. League of Nations. 2011. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htm (accessed March 6, 2011). Leuchgenburg, William E. The Perils of Prosperity 1914-1932. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1993: 349 NORML. Government Private Commissions Supporting Marijuana Law Reform. 2010. http://www.norml.org/index.cfm?Group_ID=3382 (accessed March 6, 2011). Raford. Nativism (as part of the 1920’s culture conflict. 1997. http://www.radford.edu/-shepburn/nativism.htm (accessed March 6, 2011). Time Life Editor s. The Jazz Era, Prohibition.Alexandria. Time Life Inc., 1998: Time Life Editors. Events That Shaped Our Century, Our American Century. Alexandria, 1998: How to cite Historical Problems, Papers

Repression1 Essay Example For Students

Repression1 Essay One morning after Dad finishes his workout, he pulls a fold-out bunk from the wall and lies down, still unclothed. I sit on the floor beside him. I watch his erection. He slaps his tummy with it. He laughs as if he is surprised. Touch it, he says, holding his penis up, offering it to me. I reached over, hold it with my fingers, and let it go, making a thwack I have seen his penis before when it is hard. Hed tried to put it into my bottom. He is going to do it again, isnt he?I dont want to be here, I say. Unlock the door. Please, Daddy.The bunker sits around me, heavy and grotesque. I disappear. (de Milly, http://www.walterdemilly.com/chapter.htm)Who would want to remember this sort of thing? Certainly not the poor child who is recalling it, so why would he? He didnt, for a long time, because of the pain this memory causes, so he did something that many people do with painful memories. He repressed it. Why do people repress memory, and how can it be recalled? This paper hopes to unlo ck a few of the secrets of this strange phenomenon. Firstly, repression, as defined by A Dictionary of Psychoanalysis, is the unconscious and involuntary process by which an unacceptable impulse or idea is rendered unconscious. According to Chip Phillips, repression is where unconsciously you bury painful or embarrassing memories (Phillips, Ch. 3). So what exactly causes someone to repress a memory? As Phillips stated, painful or embarrassing memories. Memories of childhood abuse and sexual abuse are very common (Herman Schatzow, 1-14), as are those of embarrassment (Phillips, lecture). The writer believes that these are valid statements, but believes there needs to be more added to the definition. The writer believes that repression is where a person subconsciously buries memories of shocking acts and events that caused severe and traumatizing pain and/or embarrassment. This definition is very similar to the others, however, the writer believes that almost permanent repression only happens with the most severe memories. Pain and trauma come in varying degrees, and so the writer believes that repression happens in varying degrees as well. For example, if a person trips and falls in a public place, more often than not they will feel embarrassed about it, but they will not repress the memory for a lifetime, more likely the perso n will repress it, only to recall it when someone reminds them of the incident. However, if a person were to walk into a surprise party in the nude with family and friends present, depending on the persons feelings about their body, they may be embarrassed to the point of repressing the memory for years (Phillips, lecture). That allows the individual to move on without having to deal with the pain of the memory. A lot of the information regarding the roots of repression is found in the works and findings of Freud. According to Frederick Crews, a well known writer on Freud, Freuds psychoanalytic theory showed that in his rashness, he preferred the arcane explanation to the obvious one. This allowed Freud to take the repressed memories of his patients, and instead of taking the obvious root of the memory, Freud used his trademark suppositions to say that their memories were something else. By prodding both before and after therapy, Freud devised a way to get his patients to recall non-existent sexual memories that are now labeled false memory syndrome. Crews further suggests that information taken from Freuds work points that the experience of subjects who may or may not be the survivors of sexual abuse depended on whether they actually recalled the previously repressed truth, or succumbed to the Freud-induced fantasy (www.vuw.ac.nz/psyc/fitzMemory/repn.html). The writer believes that this is mainly true, given the writers knowledge of Freudian theories. The writer believes that Freuds fixation on sex probably biased all of his work, and therefore a lot of his studies and patients recalled memories cannot be believed on the whole, but some of their reported memories may be valid. .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 , .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 .postImageUrl , .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 , .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341:hover , .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341:visited , .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341:active { border:0!important; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341:active , .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341 .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc7de78490de652a27b910c507a828341:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Things They Carried by Tim O'Brien EssayHowever, the theory of repression is still believed to reside in the realm of psychoanalysis (Loftus, 1). Basically the repression theory goes like this: Something happens in life that is so shocking that the memory is pushed into some inaccessible corner of the consciousness and sleeps isolated from the rest of mental life (Loftus, 518). As the writers definition stated, repressed memories seem more like memories that were a total shock to the system of the person, physically, emotionally, etc. David Holmes suggests that there are three main elements to the theory of repression: Selective forgetting of materials that cause pain; Not under voluntary control; Material is not lost but stored in unconscious and can be restored to conscious if anxiety associated with the memory is removed (Holmes, 87). The writer accepts these elements, but disagrees with the third element. There can be memories so absolutely horrible and disturbing to the individual that they will never recall the memories, even under hypnosis or in therapy. Other than that, the writer agrees with Holmes suggestions. Now that the writer has explained the some of the theories of memory repression, she will focus on recollection, or recall, of said memories. All memory for the most part is present in the mind, while accessing it may not be easy. There are several ways to successfully recall repressed memories, but the most widely used and known is hypnosis (www.vuw.ac.nz/psyc/fitzMemory/repn.html). Hypnosis is where you are in a more aware state of consciousness, but you appear to be less aware (Phillips, Ch. 7). Once under hypnosis, the patient can be coaxed to go back to when they were. The therapist can use trance logic, a mixture of reality and hallucinations, to get the patient to describe their childhood in great detail. This usually reveals the patients traumatizing event, or it may not. Hypnosis is not just used for repression, though, as it is used to rid bad habits and mold behavior also. Not all people can be put under hypnosis however, so this method only works for those succeptable to the hypnotism (Phillips, Ch. 7). After reviewing all of the material presented here, the writer has come up with several ideas of repression herself. One is that not all repressed memories can be accessed, because if they could, we could actually remember prenatal memories, and thus far there is no known evidence to support prenatal memory that the writer could find. Another idea the writer has realized is that everyone represses memories all the time. Tings happen everyday that we do not remember, and while most arent repressed, merely interference with recollection (Phillips, Ch. 3), there are some that are repressed every day. If a person trips and falls, there is a good chance that they will not remember it the next week, until a friend or associate brings it up. It may be temporarily repressed due to the embarrassment, then recalled as soon as a reminder is brought up. The writer is curious to find evidence to support the recall of very early life, like prenatal memory for example, as it would shed more light o n the topic of repression and memory in general. Bibliography:anonymous. www.vuw.ac.nz/psyc/fitzMemory/repn.html. de Milly, W. http://www.walterdemilly.com/chapter.htm. Herman, J.L. Schatzow, E. (1987). Recovery and Verification of Memories of Childhood Sexual Trauma. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 4, 1-14. Holmes, D. (1990). The Evidence for Repression: An Examination of Sixty Years of Research. (found in) J. Springer (Ed.). Repression and Dissociation: Implications for Personality, Theory, Psychopathology, and Health (pp. 85-102). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Loftus, E.F. (1993). The Reality of Repressed Memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537. Phillips, C. (2000). Lecture notes, Ch. 3, Ch. 7, general lecture.